The First World War was an unprecedented catastrophe that killed jillion and gear up the continent of Europe on the path to further catastrophe two 10 later . But it did n’t come out of nowhere . With the centennial of the outbreak of hostilities coming up in August , Erik Sass will be looking back at the lead - up to the state of war , when seemingly minor moments of detrition accumulated until the situation was quick to set off . He ’ll be covering those event 100 years after they occurred . This is the 100th installment in the series .
25 April 2025: The Balkan Chess Game
While most Europeans view the region as a ethnical and economical backwater , the Balkans played an outsize office in continental diplomacy , as Europe ’s Great Powers compete for favor by selling arms , bankroll loans , and providing other forms of patronage to the Balkan kingdoms , all in the Leslie Townes Hope of expanding their own influence and limiting rival ’ . In the final months of repose the large Balkan chess game took a surprising turn as two bighearted regional powers — Bulgaria and Romania — of a sudden switch sides .
For 10 , the introductory alignment had remained unaltered . Bulgaria was historically a node state of Russia , which freed the Slavic Bulgarians from Ottoman prescript in the Russo - Turkish state of war of 1877 - 1878 ; that put Bulgaria on the side of the Triple Entente of Russia , France , and Britain . Meanwhile Romania leaned towards the Triple Alliance — Austria - Hungary , Germany , and Italy — because of a defensive agreement with Austria - Hungary , directed against Russia , bless in 1883 and renewed in 1892 and 1913 .
The berth began to change following theFirst Balkan War , when the Balkan League ( Bulgaria , Serbia , Greece , and Montenegro ) conquered most of the Ottoman Empire ’s European soil — trip serious consternation in Austria - Hungary , which reverence Serbia ’s destabilizing influence on its jittery Slavic population . To cut Serbia down to size , Austria - Hungary ’s foreign pastor , Count Berchtold , forcedthe Serbs to give up their late conquests in Albania , thus preclude them from gaining access code to the sea .
This set in motion a chain chemical reaction of unexpected consequences . divest of their Albanian conquests , the Serbs resolved to compensate themselves by holding on to neighboring Macedonia — even though this was supposed to go to Bulgaria under the term of their secrettreatydividing up the Turkish province . The Bulgarians called on their Slavic patron , Russia , to mediate the contravention , but in typical fashion Russian foreign minister Sergei Sazonov ducked province for any hard decisions .
result in the lurch by Russia , Bulgaria ’s Tsar Ferdinand unwisely snipe Serbia and Greece ( which was also occupying territory claimed by Bulgaria ) in theSecond Balkan War . This was an unmitigated disaster : the Serbs and Greeks score major victories and Romania and Turkey , seeing a chance to grab some Bulgarian territorial dominion for themselves , attacked from the nates ( Romania ’s treatment is depicted in the cartoon above ) . Meanwhile Russia did nothing to stop them . ring and overwhelmed , the Bulgariansbeggedfor ataraxis — and plotted revenge .
The quandary facing Austria - Hungary ’s Berchtold was how to balance this new Bulgarian bond with Austria - Hungary ’s existing coalition with Romania , which had fought against Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War . In the end this task proved unimaginable , and a concerted diplomatical push by the Triple Entente succeeded in luring Romania away .
The Romanians already had grievances against Austria - Hungary , including discrimination against heathenish Romanians in the Magyar half of the Dual Monarchy ; they also believed the Austrians had n’t supported their title against Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War . On the other hand Russia supported these claims , while France exert its powerful financial influence , maneuvering to supercede Germany as Romania ’s master lender . These efforts give off on January 16 , 1914 , when a “ Francophile ” Roumanian politician , Ion Bratianu , come to power ( against the wishes of Romania ’s pro - German King Carol ) . In January the Gallic embassador to Romania , Blondel , cover “ there is a earnest desire of closer relations with France in Romania . ”
Similarly the new Russian ambassador to Romania , Poklevski , summed up the fresh situation in a letter to Sazonov on January 24 , 1914 : “ Again and again , sentiments of genuine friendship for Russia have been express to me … an important and perhaps critical change in public opinion has been brought about here in favor of Russia . ” He added that the Romanian patriot were gaining specialty and focusing their sweat on freeing the three million ethnic Romanians living in Hungary , noting , “ This latter circumstance also naturally incline to enhance Rumania ’s sympathy for Russia . ”
In just a few months the Balkan strategic landscape had been entirely up - ended , in a way unlikely to encourage long - terminus constancy . As Austrian chief of stave Conrad von Hötzendorf pointed out , if Romania unite Russia , Serbia , and Montenegro in a warfare against Austria - Hungary , the Dual Monarchy would present an unbroken wall of enemies along its southern and eastern flank , allow the Russians to send out soldiers all the way to the Adriatic . This made it even more important to crush Serbia and break through the Balkan encirclement before it was too late .
See theprevious installmentorall entry .
