Before federal food safety regulations really existed in the U.S., one man made it his duty to prove that food additives were harmful to human health – and he did so in a rather unconventional way.
ATI Composite ; bhofack2 / Getty Images
At the turn of the 20th century , Harvey Wiley , Chief Chemist of the U.S. Department of Agriculture , started inviting people into the cellar of his office construction for extraordinarily well - prepared meal .
The meals were free and ready by a top chef , often with locally - sourced factor . The catch ? All the dishes were laced with poisonous substance .
ATI Composite; bhofack2/Getty Images
Harvey Wiley Creates “The Poison Squad”
Dr. Harvey W. Wiley conducting experiments in his laboratory in the Department of Agriculture . USDA
Wiley had long suspect that many food additives were n’t really primed for human consumption , but had n’t been able-bodied to definitively prove it . so as to do so — and hopefully as a answer create tight food for thought safety touchstone and regulations — Wiley created a eating house - style room in the cellar of the Dept . of Agriculture ( thoroughgoing with white tablecloths and fancy table preferences ) and put out a call for otherwise healthy individuals who ’d be willing to … well , run through poison solid food .
The “ poisoned ” intellectual nourishment in question was laced with commonly - used food additives . At each repast the additive amounts would increase , such that Wiley could observe their effect on the human body . Once the participant set off to show symptoms , they would stop eating and move on to the next poison .
Dr. Harvey W. Wiley conducting experiments in his laboratory in the Department of Agriculture. USDA
But not all diner were welcome . Even by the standards of the other 1900s , Wiley was a flagrant woman hater and would not permit women to be part of the study . He was quiteoutspokenabout his belief that charwoman were “ savages ” and did n’t have “ the brain capacity ” of valet .
Wiley did n’t on the dot placard this political science - patronize field as “ do eat on poisonous substance ! ” and instead referred to it as “ hygienic table trials . ” This piqued the interest ofWashington Postreporter George Rothwell Brown , who write a story on Wiley and coined a far more interesting name for the study ’s participants : The Poison Squad .
How The Poison Squad Worked
Harvey Wiley at his desk . Wikimedia Commons
The first 12 “ toxicant squad ” members were screened for “ high moral fictitious character ” and exhibited calibre like “ sobriety and reliability . ” Once they accepted Wiley ’s offer , they swear that they would agree to one year of service , would only eat meals prepared at the Dept . of Agriculture , and would not sue the government for damages in the event of adverse outcomes — including death . Over the next few years , 12 new new mankind would be enroll for each trial .
Other than get three straight repast a solar day , participants encounter no additional recompense for their troubles . And a lot of times they did n’t even get to savour the meals , since the additives caused them to almost immediately chuck .
Harvey Wiley at his desk. Wikimedia Commons
The whole experience was pretty labor intensive — before they even had a appreciation of the repast , poison squad member would have their vital organ taken and be weigh . Each calendar week , they had to put up hair , sweat , stool , and piddle samples .
One challenge of conducting such a report was that since buffet car were not supposed to make love which part of the repast check the “ toxicant , ” the chef had to ascertain that they could not detect the additive ’s taste . This proved peculiarly difficult with the first linear , borax ( then unremarkably used to preserve the ledge life of meat ) , since it has a notably metallic taste . The first Christmas menu was listed as follows :
“ Apple Sauce . Borax . Soup . Borax . Turkey . Borax . Borax . Canned Stringed Beans . Sweet Potatoes . White Potatoes . Turnips . Borax . Chipped Beef . Cream Gravy . Cranberry Sauce . Celery . Pickles . Rice Pudding . Milk River . Bread and Butter . Tea . Coffee . A petty Borax . ”
Wikimedia Commons
Poison team player waste the borax in certain meals from October 1902 to July 1903 , none the wiser as to which repast item turn back the poison .
But the men gradually begin to debar the parts of the repast that included it , for the solitary reason that they could n’t endure the taste . The field , then , was not exactly off to an auspicious start . And , as it turns out , borax bend out to be one of the least toxic of all the additive Wiley studied .
To combat the unpalatable nature of the borax - laced food , Wiley and the chef started give the men capsules of borax to take with the repast . They did without charge , and the enquiry keep on . As Wiley had predicted , they begin to experience headaches , bellyache and other “ digestive pains ” upon consume substantial amounts of additives .
The next take in toxicant grouping included sulfuric loony toons , saltpeter , formaldehyde ( used to help slow the spoilage of milk ) , and pig sulfate ( which is used today in the first place as a pesticide ; at the sentence , it was in the first place used to turn canned peas unripe ) .
The Study’s Fate
Wikimedia Commons
At first , Wiley was suspicious of media care and teach his participant not to speak to any reporter . But the study garner a lot of press and he finally turn over in , mostly because members of the politics had crop to curb several of his paper on how harmful these additive were .
By 1906 , his exploit ( and those of the willingly poison ) get down to compensate off . That year , Congress passed theMeat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act — both of which were among the first federal laws to standardise solid food safety bar , and which were originally known as the Wiley Act .
With those successes behind him , he close up his basement kitchen in 1907 and left to take a position as a tester … atGood Housekeepingmagazine .
Yup , that ’s right : The famed woman hater became employed by America ’s most prominent women ’s cartridge clip .
Wiley had conceded from the offset of the trial that small amount of preservative may not be harmful and , in fact , may protect the populace from more serious nutrient spoiling . The problem , he said , was how the additive cumulate over clock time .
Although no formal foresightful - term follow - up was done on the men in the sketch , anecdotally , it seemed that none of them suffer farseeing - term essence .
Except , we can assume , a distaste for borax .
After translate about Harvey Wiley and his poison squad , check out thefour most imperishable cabal theoriesand the unexampled report that confirmscell phones cause cancer .
